October 28, 1972

The Daily Diary files represent a consolidated record of the President's activities. Visit the finding aid to learn more.

• Original typewritten diary (PDF)

The President's day began at The White House - Washington, D. C.

The Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents made available transcripts of the President's news conferences; messages to Congress; public speeches, remarks, and statements; and other Presidential materials released by the White House.

Digitized versions can be found at HathiTrust.

Each Public Papers of the Presidents volume contains the papers and speeches of the President of the United States that were issued by the White House Office of the Press Secretary during the time period specified by the volume. The material is presented in chronological order, and the dates shown in the headings are the dates of the documents or events. In instances when the release date differs from the date of the document itself, that fact is shown in the text note.

To ensure accuracy, remarks have been checked against audio recordings (when available) and signed documents have been checked against the original, unless otherwise noted. Editors have provided text notes and cross references for purposes of identification or clarity.

• Statement About Decision To Sign 37 Bills
• Radio Address: "One America."
• Campaign Statement About Crime and Drug Abuse.
• Campaign Statement About the Nation's Economy.
• Informal Remarks in North Royalton, Ohio.
• Informal Exchange of Remarks in Mantua Corners, Ohio.
• Informal Remarks in Warren, Ohio.
• Campaign Statement About Federal Spending.
• Remarks at Saginaw, Michigan.

The Federal Register is the official daily publication for rules, proposed rules, and notices of federal agencies and organizations, as well as executive orders and other Presidential documents.

• Federal Register of Saturday, October 28, 1972

Selective document listing

President's Personal File

The President's Personal File is essentially a President's secretary's file, kept by Rose Mary Woods, personal secretary to the President, for two purposes: (1) preserving for posterity a collection of documents particularly close to the President, whether because he dictated or annotated them, or because of the importance of the correspondent or the event concerned and (2) giving appropriate attention–letters of gratitude, invitations to White House social events, and the like–to members and important friends and supporters of the Nixon administration. This generalization does not describe all the varied materials of a file group which is essentially a miscellany, but it does identify the reason for the existence of the file group's core. Visit the finding aid to learn more.

• President's Speech File
  • Box 81, Saturday, October 28, 1972, Radio Speech--One America

The H. R. Haldeman Diaries consists of seven handwritten diaries, 36 dictated diaries recorded as sound recordings, and two handwritten audio cassette tape subject logs. The diaries and logs reflect H. R. Haldeman’s candid personal record and reflections on events, issues, and people encountered during his service in the Nixon White House. As administrative assistant to the President and Chief of Staff, Haldeman attended and participated in public events and private meetings covering the entire scope of issues in which the Nixon White House engaged in during the years 1969-1973. Visit the finding aid to learn more.

• Transcript of diary entry (PDF)
• Original audio recording (MP3)

The National Archives Catalog is the online portal to the records held at the National Archives, and information about those records. It is the main way of describing our holdings and also provides access to electronic records and digitized versions of our holdings. 

The Catalog searches across multiple National Archives resources at once, including archival descriptions, digitized and electronic records, authority records, and web pages from Archives.gov and the Presidential Libraries. The Catalog also allows users to contribute to digitized historical records through tagging and transcription.

Nixon Library Holdings

• Text search for October 28, 1972
• Date search for October 28, 1972

All National Archives Units

• Text search for October 28, 1972
• Date search for October 28, 1972

The President's Daily Brief is the primary vehicle for summarizing the day-to-day sensitive intelligence and analysis, as well as late-breaking reports, for the White House on current and future national security issues. Read "The President's Daily Brief: Delivering Intelligence to Nixon and Ford" to learn more.

• President's Daily Brief of 28 October 1972

The Foreign Relations of the United States series presents the official documentary historical record of major U.S. foreign policy decisions and significant diplomatic activity. Visit the State Department website for more information.

Vol. IX, Vietnam, October 1972-January 1973

Paris Negotiations Collapse, October 24-December 13, 1972

• 76. Report of a Conversation Between South Vietnamese President Thieu and the Presidential Private and Press Secretary (Hoang Duc Nha), Washington, October 28, 1972

  [Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 162, Vietnam Country Files, October–November 1972. Secret. 3 pages not declassified.]

• 77. Backchannel Message From the Ambassador to Vietnam (Bunker) to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Saigon, October 28, 1972, 1120Z

  Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 857, For the President’s Files (Winston Lord)—China Trip/Vietnam, Sensitive Camp David, Vol. XXI (1). Top Secret; Immediate; Sensitive; Exclusively Eyes Only.

Vol. XXXIX, European Security

Prelude to Negotiations, June 1972-November 1972

• 117. Telegram From the Department of State to all North Atlantic Treaty Organization Capitals, Washington, October 28, 1972, 0004Z

  Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970–73, DEF 1 EUR. Secret; Priority. Drafted by Matlock, cleared by Springsteen, and approved by Eliot. Also sent to Moscow. Repeated to USNMR SHAPE, USCINCEUR, USCOSACLANT, and USDOCOSOUTH.

The Kissinger telephone conversation transcripts consist of approximately 20,000 pages of transcripts of Kissinger’s telephone conversations during his tenure as Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (1969-1974) and Secretary of State (1973-1974) during the administration of President Richard Nixon. Visit the finding aid for more information.

Digitized versions can be found in the National Archives Catalog.

Visit the White House Tapes finding aid to learn about the taping system's operation and archival processing.

Oval Office

• 809-1; 8:45 a.m. - 9:00 a.m.; Nixon, Richard M. (President); Woods, Rose Mary; [Unknown person(s)]
• 809-2; 9:10 a.m. - 10:26 a.m.; Nixon, Richard M. (President); Haldeman, H. R. ("Bob"); Bull, Stephen B.; Ziegler, Ronald L.; [Unknown person(s)]; Woods, Rose Mary; Kissinger, Henry A.; Colson, Charles W.
• 809-3; Unknown between 10:26 a.m. & 11:59 p.m.; Sanchez, Manolo; Bull, Stephen B.; [Unknown person(s)]

White House Telephone

• 32-78; 9:24 a.m. - 9:27 a.m.; Haldeman, H. R. ("Bob"); Ziegler, Ronald L.
• 32-79; Unknown between 9:22 p.m. & 9:34 p.m.; Nixon, Richard M. (President); White House operator
• 32-80; 9:34 p.m. - 9:53 p.m.; Nixon, Richard M. (President); Colson, Charles W.

The White House Photo Office collection consists of photographic coverage of President Richard Nixon meeting with prominent social, political, and cultural personalities; speaking engagements and news conferences of the President and various high-ranking members of the White House staff and Cabinet; Presidential domestic and foreign travel, including Presidential vacations; social events and entertainment involving the First Family, including entertainers present; official portraits of the President, First Family, and high-ranking members of the Nixon administration; the 1969 and 1973 Inaugurals; the President’s 1972 Presidential election campaign appearances (including speeches) and other official activities of the White House staff and the President’s Cabinet from January 20, 1969 until August 9, 1974 at the White House and the Old Executive Office Building; other locations in Washington, DC, such as The Mall; and the Presidential retreats in Camp David, Maryland, Key Biscayne, Florida, and San Clemente, California. Visit the finding aid to learn more.

Roll WHPO-D0834 Photographer: Atkins, Oliver | Color or B&W: B&W

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0834-, Pat Nixon after she received a bouquet of flowers in Saginaw, Michigan. President Nixon greeting people in the crowd from a limousine, standing with Senator Robert Griffin and others, and speaking from the airplane stairs. 10/28/1972, Saginaw, Michigan Tri-City Airport. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, Robert Griffin, Elford Cederberg, crowd.

Roll WHPO-D0835 Photographer: Atkins, Oliver | Color or B&W: B&W

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0835-, President Nixon greeting crowds during a motorcade. Anti-Vietnam war and Watergate signs are evident in some places (3A-6A). 10/28/1972, northern Ohio unknown streets. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, crowd.

Roll WHPO-D0836 Photographer: Atkins, Oliver | Color or B&W: B&W

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0836-, President Nixon and Pat Nixon waving to crowds lining streets during a campaign trip motorcade in Ohio. President Nixon standing with unidentified men. 10/28/1972, northern Ohio unknown streets. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, crowd.
• Frame(s): WHPO-D0836-14A, President Nixon speaking to a crowd from his limo during campaign trip motorcade in Ohio. 10/28/1972, northern Ohio unknown streets. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, crowd.

Roll WHPO-D0837 Photographer: Atkins, Oliver | Color or B&W: B&W

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0837-, Nixon and Pat Nixon, at the door of their plane, waving goodbye to an assembled crowd. 10/28/1972, Youngstown, Ohio Municipal Airport. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, crowd.

Roll WHPO-D0838 Photographer: Atkins, Oliver | Color or B&W: B&W

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0838-, President Nixon and Pat Nixon waving from their limo motorcade, to crowds lining the streets, during a campaign trip to Ohio. 10/28/1972, northern Ohio unknown streets. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, crowd.
• Frame(s): WHPO-D0838-17, President Nixon and Pat Nixon greeting crowd members from their limo during a campaign trip to Ohio. 10/28/1972, northern Ohio unknown streets. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, crowd.
• Frame(s): WHPO-D0838-26, President Nixon stretches to shake crowd member's hands from his limo motorcade, during a campaign trip to Ohio. Assistant Steve Bull standing next to limo. 10/28/1972, northern Ohio unknown streets. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, Steve Bull, crowd.

Roll WHPO-D0839 Photographer: Atkins, Oliver | Color or B&W: B&W

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0839-, President Nixon and Pat Nixon waving to the crowd from their limo motorcade during a campaign trip. 10/28/1972, Hudson, Aurora, Ohio streets. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, crowd.
• Frame(s): WHPO-D0839-25, President Nixon holds a giant Key to the city of Aurora, Ohio while standing out the limousine window during a campaign trip motorcade. 10/28/1972, Aurora, Ohio streets. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, crowd.

Roll WHPO-D0840 Photographer: Atkins, Oliver | Color or B&W: B&W

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0840-, During a Campaign trip to Ohio, President Nixon and Pat Nixon wave from their motorcade limousine. Nixon standing and talking to the crowd and looking at a selection of pumpkins. Anti-war sign evident in frames 11-14. 10/28/1972, northern Ohio streets. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, crowd.
• Frame(s): WHPO-D0840-, During a Campaign trip to Ohio, President Nixon speaks to supporters in the crowd and looking at a selection of pumpkins. Anti-war sign evident in frames 11-14. 10/28/1972, northern Ohio streets. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, crowd.
• Frame(s): WHPO-D0840-, During a Campaign trip to Ohio, President Nixon looks at a selection of pumpkins. Anti-war sign evident in frames 11-14. 10/28/1972, northern Ohio streets. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, crowd.
• Frame(s): WHPO-D0840-, During a Nixon Campaign trip to Ohio, Anti-war demonstrators protest with and anti Nixon signs and banners. 10/28/1972, northern Ohio streets. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, crowd.

Roll WHPO-D0841 Photographer: Atkins, Oliver | Color or B&W: Color

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0841-, President Nixon and Pat Nixon waving to the crowd from their limo motorcade during a campaign trip . Vote McGovern signs are visible in frames 13A-17A. 10/28/1972, northern Ohio streets. President Nixon, spectators, crowd.

Roll WHPO-D0842 Photographer: Atkins, Oliver | Color or B&W: Color

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0842-, President Nixon and Pat Nixon waving to the crowd from their limo motorcade during a campaign trip. A "Vote McGovern Shriver 72 " sign is visible in almost every frame. 10/28/1972, northern Ohio streets. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, crowd.
• Frame(s): WHPO-D0842-17, President Nixon reaching out to the crowd from his limo motorcade during a campaign trip. A "Vote McGovern Shriver 72 " sign is visible. 10/28/1972, northern Ohio streets. President Nixon, crowd.
• Frame(s): WHPO-D0842-19, President Nixon reaching out to the crowd from his limo motorcade during a campaign trip. A "Vote McGovern Shriver 72 " sign is visible in almost every frame. 10/28/1972, northern Ohio streets. President Nixon, crowd.

Roll WHPO-D0843 Photographer: Atkins, Oliver | Color or B&W: Color

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0843-, President Nixon and Pat Nixon waving to the crowd from their campaign motorcade limousine. 10/28/1972, northern Ohio streets. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, crowd.

Roll WHPO-D0844 Photographer: Kightlinger, Jack | Color or B&W: Color

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0844-, President Nixon and Pat Nixon waving to the crowd from their campaign motorcade limousine. 10/28/1972, northern Ohio streets. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, crowd.

Roll WHPO-D0845 Photographer: Kightlinger, Jack | Color or B&W: Color

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0845-04-10, In Cleveland the crowd waits for the landing of the President nixon in Air Force One. 10/28/1972, Cleveland, northern Ohio Hopkins Airport, streets. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, crowd.
• Frame(s): WHPO-D0845-11-27, President Nixon and Pat Nixon waving from their limousine motorcade during a campaign stop in Cleveland, Ohio. 10/28/1972, Cleveland, northern Ohio Hopkins Airport, streets. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, crowd.

Roll WHPO-D0846 Photographer: Kightlinger, Jack | Color or B&W: Color

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0846-, President Nixon and Pat Nixon wave from their limousine motorcade during a campaign stop in Northfield, Ohio. Some McGovern for President campaign signs are visible in the crowd. 10/28/1972, Northfield Township, northern Ohio streets. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, crowd.

Roll WHPO-D0847 Photographer: Knudsen, Robert L. | Color or B&W: Color

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0847-, Nixon and Pat Nixon campaigning from their limousine. 10/28/1972, northern Ohio streets. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, crowd.

Roll WHPO-D0848 Photographer: Knudsen, Robert L. | Color or B&W: Color

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0848-, Nixon and Pat Nixon campaigning from their limousine. 10/28/1972, northern Ohio streets. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, crowd.

Roll WHPO-D0849 Photographer: Knudsen, Robert L. | Color or B&W: B&W

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0849-, President Nixon and Pat Nixon on a campaign stop in Northern Ohio, waving from their motorcade limousine. Anti-war protest and anti-Thieu signs can be seen held by demonstrators. 10/28/1972, northern Ohio streets. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, crowd.

Roll WHPO-D0850 Photographer: Kightlinger, Jack | Color or B&W: B&W

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0850-, President Nixon and Pat Nixon on a campaign stop in Northern Ohio, waving from their motorcade limousine. 10/28/1972, northern Ohio streets. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, crowd.

Roll WHPO-D0851 Photographer: Kightlinger, Jack | Color or B&W: B&W

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0851-, President Nixon and Pat Nixon on a campaign ride through Northern Ohio, waving from their motorcade limousine. 10/28/1972, northern Ohio streets. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, crowd.
• Frame(s): WHPO-D0851-32, President Nixon and Pat Nixon reach toward a balloon, during a campaign ride through Northern Ohio, while waving from their motorcade limousine. 10/28/1972, northern Ohio streets. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, crowd.

Roll WHPO-D0852 Photographer: Kightlinger, Jack | Color or B&W: B&W

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0852-, President Nixon and Pat Nixon on a campaign stop in Northern Ohio, waving from their motorcade limousine. President Nixon stops to look at a display of pumpkins. 10/28/1972, northern Ohio streets. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, crowd.

Roll WHPO-D0853 Photographer: Kightlinger, Jack | Color or B&W: B&W

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0853-, President Nixon and Pat Nixon with officials prior to leaving Saginaw, Michigan during a campaign trip. President Nixon talking on a microphone and standing with Senator Griffin. 10/28/1972, Saginaw, Michigan Tri-City Airport. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, Robert Griffin, William Milliken, Elford Cederberg, Garry Brown, Susan Klienfelder.
• Frame(s): WHPO-D0853-17A, President Nixon waves from the Air Force One doorway while Pat Nixon stands nearby holding a bouquet of roses before departing from their campaign trip to Saginaw, Michigan. 10/28/1972, Saginaw, Michigan Tri-City Airport, Air Force One (AF1). President Nixon, Pat Nixon.

Roll WHPO-D0854 Photographer: Kightlinger, Jack | Color or B&W: B&W

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0854-, President Nixon and Pat Nixon waving from their limousine during a campaign stop in Saginaw, Michigan. 10/28/1972, Saginaw, Michigan Tri-City Airport. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, Robert Griffin, band, crowd.
• Frame(s): WHPO-D0854-, Pat Nixon greeting people in the crowd while holding a bouquet of roses during a campaign stop in Saginaw, Michigan. 10/28/1972, Saginaw, Michigan Tri-City Airport. Pat Nixon, band, crowd.
• Frame(s): WHPO-D0854-15, President Nixon standing with Senator Robert Griffin while both flash the V sign for victory during a campaign stop in Saginaw, Michigan. 10/28/1972, Saginaw, Michigan Tri-City Airport. President Nixon, Robert Griffin.
• Frame(s): WHPO-D0854-27, Pat Nixon standing near the band leader and drum major while holding a bouquet of roses during a campaign stop in Saginaw, Michigan. 10/28/1972, Saginaw, Michigan Tri-City Airport. Pat Nixon, band, crowd.

Roll WHPO-D0859 Photographer: Schumacher, Karl | Color or B&W: Color

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0859-01-14, Judy Agnew talking with persons on a press plane. 10/28/1972, unknown planes, airport, outdoor area. Spiro Agnew, Judy Agnew, unidentified persons, crowd.
• Frame(s): WHPO-D0859-15-19, Vice President Agnew entering a plane and talking with men on the plane. 10/28/1972, unknown planes, airport, outdoor area. Spiro Agnew, Judy Agnew, unidentified persons, crowd.
• Frame(s): WHPO-D0859-20-22, Vice President Agnew speaking outdoors to a crowd. 10/28/1972, unknown planes, airport, outdoor area. Spiro Agnew, Judy Agnew, unidentified persons, crowd.

The White House Communications Agency Sound Recordings Collection contains public statements that took place between 1969 and 1974. Visit the finding aid to learn more.

H - White House Staff Member Recordings

• WHCA-SR-H-667
  Press briefing by Paul O'Neill, Asstant Director of Office of Management and Budget. (10/28/1972, Press Lobby, White House)
  
  Runtime: 0:13:05
  
  Keywords: Press conferences, news conferences, interviews, media
  
  Production credits: No feed information listed; Recorded by RHD (initials of WHCA engineer)
  
  Original Format: 1/4-inch reel-to-reel audiotape. Original source type: Original.

P - Formal Presidential Remarks

• WHCA-SR-P-721027
  Remarks by President Nixon in a live radio broadcast entitled "One America". (10/28/1972, Ground Floor Library, the White House)
  
  Runtime: 0:14:43
  
  Keywords: immigration
  
  Production credits: Audio feed supplied by WHCA; Recorded by BAC (initials of WHCA engineer), mult feed by CBS
  
  Original Format: 1/4-inch reel-to-reel audiotape. Original source type: Original.
• WHCA-SR-P-721028
  Remarks by President Nixon to crowd in North Royalton, Ohio on the death of a policeman. (10/28/1972)
  
  Runtime: 2:20
  
  Original Format: 1/4-inch reel-to-reel audiotape. Original source type: Original.
• WHCA-SR-P-721029
  Impromptu remarks to Mr. and Mrs. Lorence of Mantua Corners, Ohio on amnesty. (10/28/1972)
  
  Runtime: 2:48
  
  Original Format: 1/4-inch reel-to-reel audiotape. Original source type: Original.
• HCA-SR-P-721030
  Endorsements of Senator Robert Taft, Jr. and Congressman Stanton in Warren, Ohio. (10/28/1972)
  
  Runtime: 1:47
  
  Original Format: 1/4-inch reel-to-reel audiotape. Original source type: Original.
• WHCA-SR-P-721031
  Remarks by President Nixon at airport arrival rally in Saginaw, Michigan. (10/28/1972)
  
  Runtime: 10:05
  
  Keywords: Presidential campaigns, Presidential elections, 1972 Presidential campaign, 1972 Presidential election
  
  Original Format: 1/4-inch reel-to-reel audiotape. Original source type: Original.

The White House Communications Agency Videotape Collection contains “off-the-air” recordings of televised programs produced between 1968 and 1974. Visit the finding aid to learn more.

• WHCA-5855
  "The Advocates". the rival economic philosophies of Nixon and McGovern
  PBS
  Runtime: 01:05:37
• WHCA-5856
  McGovern Political Special.
  Post-Newsweek Stations, Inc.
  Runtime: 01:04:46
• WHCA-5869
  Weekly News Summary, Tape I.
  ALL NETWORKS
  Runtime: 01:29:40
  
  20. Utley/Lord: Peace moves; South Vietnam's President Thieu demonstrations. Time Code Start: 55:53. Keywords: South Vietnam, Presidents, speeches, statements, demonstrations, rally, protests, protesters, demonstraters, demonstrators, Vietnam War, anti-war. Network: NBC.
  
  21. Utley/Jones: The great land rush in Vietnam, flag planting. Time Code Start: 59:20. Keywords: real estate, land, Vietnam, flags, ceremony. Network: NBC.
  
  22. Utley/Valeriani: President Nixon signs bills into law; Nixon campaigns in Ohio. Time Code Start: 62:30. Keywords: bills, laws, signings, signing ceremony, Presidential elections, campaigns, campaigning, candidates. Network: NBC.
  
  23. Maus: McGovern in California. Time Code Start: 64:55. Keywords: Presidential elections, campaigns, campaigning, candidates. Network: NBC.
  
  24. Utley/Nessen: Shriver charges President Nixon could have made peace four years ago. Time Code Start: 66:50. Keywords: Presidents, Vietnam War, Vice Presidents, Presidential elections, campaigns, campaigning, candidates. Network: NBC.
  
  25. Utley/Dancy: Vice President Agnew out campaigning with some words about protesters. Time Code Start: 68:38. Keywords: Vice Presidents, statements, speeches Presidential elections, campaigns, campaigning, candidates, activists, protestors, demonstraters. Network: NBC.
  
  26. Utley/Kiker: Report on politics in New Jersey. Time Code Start: 71:42. Keywords: government officials, investigations, politicians. Network: NBC.
  
  27. Mudd/Kalb: Peace moves. Time Code Start: 74:25. Keywords: Paris Peace Talks, Vietnam War, treaty, treaties, negotiations. Network: CBS.
  
  28. Mudd/Wagner: Vietnam. Time Code Start: 76:40. Keywords: Vietnam War. Network: CBS.
  
  29. Mudd/Schieffer: McGovern in California. Time Code Start: 79:23. Keywords: Presidential elections, campaigns, campaigning, candidates. Network: CBS.
  
  30. Mudd/Rather: President Nixon in Ohio; Nixon signs bills. Time Code Start: 81:37. Keywords: Presidents, bills, laws, signings, signing ceremony. Network: CBS.
  
  31. Mudd/Dean: Workers opinion on election issues. Time Code Start: 84:30. Keywords: elections, issues, public opinions. Network: CBS.

• New York Times of October 28, 1972

• AP Images photos from October 28, 1972
• Getty Images photos from October 28, 1972

The Vanderbilt Television News Archive is the world's most extensive and complete archive of television news. They have been recording, preserving and providing access to television news broadcasts of the national networks since August 5, 1968.

• October 1972 Broadcast Index

Wikipedia is a free encyclopedia that anyone can edit.

• October 28, 1972