October 9, 1972

The Daily Diary files represent a consolidated record of the President's activities. Visit the finding aid to learn more.

• Original typewritten diary (PDF)

The President's day began at The White House - Washington, D. C.

The Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents made available transcripts of the President's news conferences; messages to Congress; public speeches, remarks, and statements; and other Presidential materials released by the White House.

Digitized versions can be found at HathiTrust.

Each Public Papers of the Presidents volume contains the papers and speeches of the President of the United States that were issued by the White House Office of the Press Secretary during the time period specified by the volume. The material is presented in chronological order, and the dates shown in the headings are the dates of the documents or events. In instances when the release date differs from the date of the document itself, that fact is shown in the text note.

To ensure accuracy, remarks have been checked against audio recordings (when available) and signed documents have been checked against the original, unless otherwise noted. Editors have provided text notes and cross references for purposes of identification or clarity.

• Proclamation 4165—National Day of Prayer
• Proclamation 4166—Country Music Month, October 1972

The Federal Register is the official daily publication for rules, proposed rules, and notices of federal agencies and organizations, as well as executive orders and other Presidential documents.

No Federal Register published on this date

The Congressional Record is the official daily record of the debates and proceedings of the U.S. Congress.

• House of Representatives: October 9, 1972
• Senate: October 9, 1972
• Extensions of Remarks: October 9, 1972

The H. R. Haldeman Diaries consists of seven handwritten diaries, 36 dictated diaries recorded as sound recordings, and two handwritten audio cassette tape subject logs. The diaries and logs reflect H. R. Haldeman’s candid personal record and reflections on events, issues, and people encountered during his service in the Nixon White House. As administrative assistant to the President and Chief of Staff, Haldeman attended and participated in public events and private meetings covering the entire scope of issues in which the Nixon White House engaged in during the years 1969-1973. Visit the finding aid to learn more.

• Transcript of diary entry (PDF)
• Original audio recording (MP3)

The National Archives Catalog is the online portal to the records held at the National Archives, and information about those records. It is the main way of describing our holdings and also provides access to electronic records and digitized versions of our holdings. 

The Catalog searches across multiple National Archives resources at once, including archival descriptions, digitized and electronic records, authority records, and web pages from Archives.gov and the Presidential Libraries. The Catalog also allows users to contribute to digitized historical records through tagging and transcription.

Nixon Library Holdings

• Text search for October 9, 1972
• Date search for October 9, 1972

All National Archives Units

• Text search for October 9, 1972
• Date search for October 9, 1972

The President's Daily Brief is the primary vehicle for summarizing the day-to-day sensitive intelligence and analysis, as well as late-breaking reports, for the White House on current and future national security issues. Read "The President's Daily Brief: Delivering Intelligence to Nixon and Ford" to learn more.

• President's Daily Brief of 09 October 1972

The Foreign Relations of the United States series presents the official documentary historical record of major U.S. foreign policy decisions and significant diplomatic activity. Visit the State Department website for more information.

Vol. V, United Nations, 1969-1972

Chinese Representation in the United Nations

• 454. Telegram From the Mission to the United Nations to the Department of State, New York, October 9, 1972, 2340Z

  Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1970–73, UN 10. Unclassified. Repeated to Taipei, Hong Kong, and Geneva.

Vol. IX, Vietnam, October 1972-January 1973

Breakthrough in Paris Blocked in Saigon, October 8-23, 1972

• 3. Memorandum of Conversation, Paris, October 9, 1972, 3:58-6:08 p.m.

  Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 856, For the President’s Files (Winston Lord)—China Trip/Vietnam, Sensitive Camp David, Vol. XX [1 of 3]. Top Secret; Sensitive; Exclusively Eyes Only. The meeting took place at 108 Avenue du General Leclerc in Gif sur Yvette. All brackets, except those that contain italicized corrections, are in the original. Tabs A–D are attached but not printed.

• 4. Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, Paris, October 9, 1972

  Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 856, For the President’s Files (Winston Lord)—China Trip/Vietnam, Sensitive Camp David, Vol. XIX. Top Secret; Sensitive; Exclusively Eyes Only. A note on the memorandum indicates that the President saw it.

Vol. XLII, Vietnam: The Kissinger-Le Duc Tho Negotiations

Serious Negotiations and the October Settlement, July 1972-October 1972

• 22. Memorandum of Conversation, Paris, October 9, 1972, 3:58-6:08 p.m.

  Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 856, For the President’s Files (Winston Lord)—China Trip/Vietnam Negotiations, Sensitive, Camp David, Vol. XX [1 of 3]. Top Secret; Sensitive; Exclusively Eyes Only. The meeting took place at 108 Avenue du Général Leclerc in Gif-sur-Yvette. All brackets except where noted are in the original. The tabs are attached but not printed.

Vol. E-1, Documents on Global Issues, 1969-1972

International Environmental Policy

• 331. Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, Washington, October 9, 1972

  Kissinger summarized CEQ Chairman Train’s report on the first meeting of the U.S.-U.S.S.R. Joint Committee on Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection. Train’s report is attached.
  
  Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Agency Files, Box 217, CEQ I. Confidential. Sent for information. Copies of Train’s report were sent to Ehrlichman and Kissinger. A notation on the memorandum indicates that the President saw it.

The Kissinger telephone conversation transcripts consist of approximately 20,000 pages of transcripts of Kissinger’s telephone conversations during his tenure as Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (1969-1974) and Secretary of State (1973-1974) during the administration of President Richard Nixon. Visit the finding aid for more information.

Digitized versions can be found in the National Archives Catalog.

Visit the White House Tapes finding aid to learn about the taping system's operation and archival processing.

Old Executive Office Building

• 365-4; Unknown between 12:43 p.m. & 1:38 p.m.; Nixon, Richard M. (President); Sanchez, Manolo
• 365-5; 1:38 p.m. - 3:05 p.m.; Nixon, Richard M. (President); Colson, Charles W.; Haldeman, H. R. ("Bob"); White House operator; Hall, Joan

Oval Office

• 794-1; 9:23 a.m. - 10:09 a.m.; Nixon, Richard M. (President); Haldeman, H. R. ("Bob"); Bull, Stephen B.; Ziegler, Ronald L.
• 794-2; 10:10 a.m. - 11:35 a.m.; Nixon, Richard M. (President); Shultz, George P.; Burns, Arthur F.; Weinberger, Caspar W. ("Cap"); Stein, Herbert; White House photographer; Rumsfeld, Donald H.
• 794-3; 11:36 a.m. - 11:56 a.m.; Nixon, Richard M. (President); Train, Russell E.; Whitaker, John C.; White House photographer
• 794-4; Unknown between 11:56 a.m. & 11:58 a.m.; Nixon, Richard M. (President); Butterfield, Alexander P.
• 794-5; 11:58 a.m. - 12:10 p.m.; Nixon, Richard M. (President); Marsh, Winston W.; Low, James; Cashen, Henry C., II; White House photographer
• 794-6; 12:13 p.m. - 12:36 p.m.; Nixon, Richard M. (President); McLarty, Sharon; McLarty, I. W.; McLarty, I. W. (Mrs.); McLarty, Tony; Eastland, James O.; Nidecker, John E.; White House photographer; Timmons, William E.; [Unknown person(s)]
• 794-7; 12:36 p.m. - 12:37 p.m.; Nixon, Richard M. (President); Bull, Stephen B.
• 794-8; Unknown between 12:39 p.m. & 12:46 p.m.; Nixon, Richard M. (President); Bull, Stephen B.
• 794-9; Unknown between 12:39 p.m. & 12:46 p.m.; Nixon, Richard M. (President); Butterfield, Alexander P.
• 794-10; Unknown between 12:46 p.m. & 3:10 p.m.; United States Secret Service agents; [Unknown person(s)]
• 794-11; Unknown between 12:46 p.m. & 3:10 p.m.; United States Secret Service agents; [Unknown person(s)]
• 794-12; Unknown between 12:46 p.m. & 3:10 p.m.; Nixon, Richard M. (President); Newhouse, Samuel I.; Klein, Herbert G.; Bull, Stephen B.; Dean, John W., III
• 794-13; Unknown between 3:34 p.m. & 3:35 p.m.; Nixon, Richard M. (President); Bull, Stephen B.
• 794-14; 3:35 p.m. - 4:34 p.m.; Nixon, Richard M. (President); Woods, Rose Mary; Haldeman, H. R. ("Bob"); [Unknown person(s)]; Bull, Stephen B.
• 794-15; Unknown between 4:34 p.m. & 4:37 p.m.; Nixon, Richard M. (President); Bull, Stephen B.
• 794-16; 4:37 p.m. - 5:00 p.m.; Nixon, Richard M. (President); Thompson, Carveth; Peterson, Russell W.; Hirsch, Robert; Nunn, Louie B.; Towell, David; Savioe, Gene; Froehlich, Harold V.; Moseley, James B.; Cronin, Paul W.; Rubin, Ellis S.; Gustafson, Joel; Insco, Jack; Sloan, Russ; Adams, Alfred; Byrnes, John W.; Timmons, William E.; Nidecker, John C.; Cook, Richard K.; Hainsworth, Brad E.
• 794-17; 5:00 p.m. - 5:10 p.m.; Nixon, Richard M. (President); Butterfield, Alexander P.
• 794-18; Unknown between 5:11 p.m. & 6:08 p.m.; Nixon, Richard M. (President); Ziegler, Ronald L.; Haldeman, H. R. ("Bob")
• 794-19; Unknown between 12:10 p.m. & 12:13 p.m.; Nixon, Richard M. (President); Bull, Stephen B.
• 794-20; Unknown between 12:39 p.m. & 12:46 p.m.; Nixon, Richard M. (President); [Unknown person(s)]

White House Telephone

• 31-27; Unknown between 1:38 p.m. & 2:20 p.m.; Colson, Charles W.; White House operator; Hall, Joan
• 31-28; Unknown between 2:20 p.m. & 7:08 p.m.; Nixon, Richard M. (President); White House operator
• 31-29; 7:08 p.m. - 7:09 p.m.; Nixon, Richard M. (President); Woods, Rose Mary
• 31-30; Unknown between 7:09 p.m. & 7:21 p.m.; Nixon, Richard M. (President); White House operator
• 31-31; 7:21 p.m. - 7:32 p.m.; Nixon, Richard M. (President); Colson, Charles W.

The White House Photo Office collection consists of photographic coverage of President Richard Nixon meeting with prominent social, political, and cultural personalities; speaking engagements and news conferences of the President and various high-ranking members of the White House staff and Cabinet; Presidential domestic and foreign travel, including Presidential vacations; social events and entertainment involving the First Family, including entertainers present; official portraits of the President, First Family, and high-ranking members of the Nixon administration; the 1969 and 1973 Inaugurals; the President’s 1972 Presidential election campaign appearances (including speeches) and other official activities of the White House staff and the President’s Cabinet from January 20, 1969 until August 9, 1974 at the White House and the Old Executive Office Building; other locations in Washington, DC, such as The Mall; and the Presidential retreats in Camp David, Maryland, Key Biscayne, Florida, and San Clemente, California. Visit the finding aid to learn more.

Roll WHPO-D0635 Photographer: Kightlinger, Jack | Color or B&W: B&W

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0635-, Pat Nixon and others at the Republican National Committee's Cross Country Presidential Campaign Swing Kick-Off. 10/9/1972, Washington, D.C. East Steps, the Capitol. Pat Nixon, Bob Dole, Republican Senators and Representatives, officials.
• Frame(s): WHPO-D0635-28A, Pat Nixon and others at the Republican National Committee's Cross Country Presidential Campaign Swing Kick-Off. Two hard hat construction workers at work behind Pat Nixon. 10/9/1972, Washington, D.C. East Steps, the Capitol. Pat Nixon, Bob Dole, unidentified official.

Roll WHPO-D0636 Photographer: Kightlinger, Jack | Color or B&W: Color

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0636-05-06, A portrait of the White House butlers group standing behind a table set with food trays of appetizers, canapes and large floral arrangements for the Republican National Committee's Cross Country Presidential Campaign Swing Kick-Off. 10/9/1972, Washington, D.C. White House, State Dining Room. White House butler staff members, Eugene Allen.
• Frame(s): WHPO-D0636-07-19, 21-25, Pat Nixon and others at the Republican National Committee's Cross Country Presidential Campaign Swing Kick-Off. 10/9/1972, Washington, D.C. East Steps, the Capitol. Pat Nixon, Bob Dole, Anne Armstrong, Republican Senators and Representatives, officials.
• Frame(s): WHPO-D0636-20, Pat Nixon holds a football upright while an official prepares to kick it in front of the Nixon-Agnew campaign bus during the Republican National Committee's Cross Country Presidential Campaign Swing Kick-Off. 10/9/1972, Washington, D.C. East Steps, the Capitol. Pat Nixon, Bob Dole, Anne Armstrong, Republican Senators and Representatives, officials.

Roll WHPO-D0637 Photographer: Royer | Color or B&W: Color

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0637-, Pat Nixon, Bob Dole, Republican Senators and Congressman, celebrities and unidentified officials attending the Republican National Committee's Cross Country Presidential Campaign Swing Kick-Off. 10/9/1972, Washington, D.C. East Steps, the Capitol. Pat Nixon, Robert Dole, Republican Senators and Congressman, officials.

Roll WHPO-D0638 Photographer: Royer | Color or B&W: Color

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0638-, Pat Nixon and others at the Republican National Committee's Cross Country Presidential Campaign Swing Kick-Off near the East Steps of the Capitol Building. 10/9/1972, Washington, D.C. East Steps, the Capitol. Pat Nixon, Bob Dole, Anne Armstrong, Republican Senators and Representatives, officials, crowd.

Roll WHPO-D0642 Photographer: Atkins, Oliver | Color or B&W: Color

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0642-, President Nixon standing with the American Society of Association Executives Pres. Winston Marsh and Exec. Director James Low. 10/9/1972, Washington, D.C. White House, Oval Office. President Nixon, Winston Marsh, James Low.

Roll WHPO-D0643 Photographer: Atkins, Oliver | Color or B&W: B&W

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0643-, President Nixon with Sharon McLarty, Miss National Teenage America 1972, Sen. Eastland, the McLarty family, and others. 10/9/1972, Washington, D.C. White House, Oval Office. President Nixon, James Eastland, Sharon McLarty, McLarty family members, Mr. & Mrs. Edward Shaffer.

Roll WHPO-D0644 Photographer: Atkins, Oliver | Color or B&W: B&W

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0644-02A-04A, President Nixon seated informally with the Quadriad. 10/9/1972, Washington, D.C. White House, Oval Office. President Nixon, Shultz, Weinberger, Burns, Stein, Russell Train, press corps members.
• Frame(s): WHPO-D0644-10A-14A, President Nixon seated at his desk during a meeting with Russell Train. 10/9/1972, Washington, D.C. White House, Oval Office. President Nixon, Shultz, Weinberger, Burns, Stein, Russell Train, press corps members.

Roll WHPO-D0646 Photographer: Atkins, Oliver | Color or B&W: B&W

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0646-, President Nixon seated informally with Herb Klein and S. I. Newhouse. 10/9/1972, Washington, D.C. White House, Oval Office. President Nixon, Klein, S. I. Newhouse.

Roll WHPO-D0647 Photographer: Royer | Color or B&W: B&W

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0647-, A Stradivarius violin. 10/9/1972, Washington, D.C. unknown.

Roll WHPO-D0648 Photographer: Knudsen | Color or B&W: B&W

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0648-, Presidential limousine. 10/9/1972, Washington, D.C.

Roll WHPO-D0653 Photographer: Kightlinger, Jack | Color or B&W: Color

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0653-04-22, Pat Nixon walking in, and observing from a reviewing stand, the Columbus Day Parade. 10/9/1972, Chicago, Illinois streets. Pat Nixon, Richard Daley, John Porcelli, officials, parade participants, unidentified women.
• Frame(s): WHPO-D0653-23-36, Pat Nixon greeting and standing with women at a Republican Women's Tea. 10/9/1972, Chicago, Illinois McCormick Place, room. Pat Nixon, Richard Daley, John Porcelli, officials, parade participants, unidentified women.

Roll WHPO-D0654 Photographer: Kightlinger, Jack | Color or B&W: Color

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0654-, Pat Nixon with unidentified adults and children at the Republican Women's Tea honoring the First Lady. 10/9/1972, Chicago, Illinois room, McCormick Place. Pat Nixon, unidentified adults and children.
• Frame(s): WHPO-D0654-06, Pat Nixon with unidentified young women and young girls wearing "Young Voters" sashes and American Flag motif floppy hats at the Republican Women's Tea honoring the First Lady. 10/9/1972, Chicago, Illinois room, McCormick Place. Pat Nixon, unidentified adults and children.

Roll WHPO-D0655 Photographer: Kightlinger, Jack | Color or B&W: Color

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0655-03-21, Pat Nixon marching in, reviewing, and at a speaker's platform during the Columbus Day Parade. 10/9/1972, Chicago, Illinois streets, room. Pat Nixon, Richard Daley, John Porcelli, officials, parade participants, Republican women.
• Frame(s): WHPO-D0655-22-36, Pat Nixon is greeted upon arrival and individually speaking with women at a tea. 10/9/1972, Chicago, Illinois McCormick Place. Pat Nixon, Richard Daley, John Porcelli, officials, parade participants, Republican women.

Roll WHPO-D0663 Photographer: Schumacher, Karl | Color or B&W: B&W

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0663-, Vice President Agnew at a podium during a Victory 72 gathering. 10/9/1972, Los Angeles, California unknown large site. Agnew, attendees.

Roll WHPO-D0664 Photographer: Schumacher, Karl | Color or B&W: B&W

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0664-03A-31A, At a Victory 72 gathering Vice President Agnew and Judy Agnew on the dais. Vice President Agnew giving a speech. The Agnews speaking with celebrities and others after the speech. 10/9/1972, Los Angeles, California unknown large site, plane. Agnew, Judy Agnew, John Wayne, Don DeFore, Milton Berle, unidentified men and women.
• Frame(s): WHPO-D0664-32A-34A, Unidentified Men aboard plane. 10/9/1972, Los Angeles, California unknown large site, plane. Agnew, Judy Agnew, John Wayne, Don DeFore, Milton Berle, unidentified men and women.

Roll WHPO-D0665 Photographer: Schumacher, Karl | Color or B&W: Color

• Frame(s): WHPO-D0665-02-08, Vice President Agnew speaking at a Victory 72 gathering. 10/9/1972, Los Angeles, California unknown large site, plane. audience, Spiro Agnew, Judy Agnew, Zsa Zsa Gabor, Frank Sinatra, Jack Benny, Milton Berle, unidentified persons.
• Frame(s): WHPO-D0665-09-17, Vice President Agnew and Judy Agnew seated on a plane with celebrities. 10/9/1972, Los Angeles, California unknown large site, plane. audience, Spiro Agnew, Judy Agnew, Zsa Zsa Gabor, Frank Sinatra, Jack Benny, Milton Berle, unidentified persons.

The White House Communications Agency Sound Recordings Collection contains public statements that took place between 1969 and 1974. Visit the finding aid to learn more.

H - White House Staff Member Recordings

• WHCA-SR-H-659
  Press briefing by Caspar Weinberger, Russell Train, and Herb Stein. (10/9/1972, Press Lobby, White House)
  
  Runtime: 20:18
  
  Keywords: Press conferences, news conferences, interviews, media
  
  Production credits: Audio feed supplied by WHCA; Recorded by GET (initials of WHCA engineer)
  
  Original Format: 1/4-inch reel-to-reel audiotape. Original source type: Original.

L - White House Press Office Briefings

• WHCA-SR-L-034
  Press briefing by Ronald Ziegler. (10/9/1972, White House Press Lobby)
  
  Runtime: 0:22:38
  
  Keywords: Press conferences, news conferences, interviews, media, press secretary, briefings, public statements to the press, economy, Russia, USSR, Soviet Union, cabinet, advisors, Vietnam War, Indochina War, NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, ne
  
  Production credits: Audio feed supplied by WHCA; Recorded by GET (initials of WHCA engineer)
  
  Original Format: 1/4-inch reel-to-reel audiotape. Original source type: Original. Technical notes: 1 hour, 14 minutes and 18 seconds of silence at end of recording removed from access copies.

P - Formal Presidential Remarks

• WHCA-SR-P-721005
  Audio taping for Home Builders Assn. (10/9/1972)
  
  Runtime: 2:08
  
  Original Format: 1/4-inch reel-to-reel audiotape. Original source type: Original.

The White House Communications Agency Videotape Collection contains “off-the-air” recordings of televised programs produced between 1968 and 1974. Visit the finding aid to learn more.

• WHCA-5819
  Weekly News Summary, Tape I.
  ALL NETWORKS
  Runtime: 1:30
  
  21. Reasoner/Jarriel: Secret talks in Paris. Time Code Start: 52:45. Keywords: Paris Peace Talks, Vietnam War, treaty, treaties, negotiations. Network: ABC.
  
  22. Reasoner: Vietnam war, General Haig gets two more stars. Time Code Start: 54:13. Keywords: Vietnam War, military, officials, awards, promotions. Network: ABC.
  
  23. Reasoner/Zimmerman: Speakers for McGovern. Time Code Start: 55:13. Keywords: Presidential elections, campaigns, campaigning, candidates. Network: ABC.
  
  24. Reasoner/Reynolds: McGovern in New York. Time Code Start: 58:07. Keywords: Presidential elections, campaigns, campaigning, candidates. Network: ABC.
  
  25. Reasoner/Shoumacher: Election '72 dirtiest ever. Time Code Start: 60:17. Keywords: Presidential elections, campaigns, campaigning, candidates. Network: ABC.
  
  26. Reasoner/Sherwood: Mrs. McGovern in California. Time Code Start: 61:47. Keywords: Senators, families, wife, travel, Presidential elections, campaigns, campaigning. Network: ABC.
  
  27. Chancellor/Kaplan: Kissinger and peace talks. Time Code Start: 64:40. Keywords: Paris Peace Talks, Vietnam War, treaty, treaties, negotiations, statements, speeches. Network: NBC.
  
  28. Chancellor/Brady: Vietnam, Mao tribesmen (possibly from India or Mayanmar). Time Code Start: 67:10. Keywords: Mayanmar, India, Thailand, populations, Nagas, Vietnam War. Network: NBC.
  
  29. Chancellor/Mackin: McGovern in New york. Time Code Start: 71:45. Keywords: Presidential elections, campaigns, campaigning, candidates. Network: NBC.
  
  30. Cronkite/Pierpoint/Kalb: Kissinger and peace talks; administration reaction. Time Code Start: 74:05. Keywords: Paris Peace Talks, Vietnam War, treaty, treaties, negotiations, government officials. Network: CBS.
  
  31. Cronkite: President Nixon's speech in 1968, (Shriver) comment on why peace has not been attained. Time Code Start: 76:35. Keywords: Presidents, speeches, Vice Presidents, Presidential elections, campaigns, campaigning, candidates. Network: CBS.
  
  32. Morton: McGovern in New York. Time Code Start: 78:53. Keywords: Presidential elections, campaigns, campaigning, candidates. Network: CBS.
  
  33. McLaughlin: First Lady Pat Nixon in Chicago, Illinois. Time Code Start: 80:45. Keywords: Presidents, families, wife, travel, First Lady trips, domestic, Presidential elections, campaigns. Network: CBS.
  
  34. Sevareid: Commentary on peace in Vietnam. Time Code Start: 81:40. Keywords: Paris Peace Talks, Vietnam War, treaty, treaties, negotiations. Network: CBS.

• TIME magazine of October 9, 1972

• New York Times of October 9, 1972

• AP Images photos from October 9, 1972
• Getty Images photos from October 9, 1972

The Vanderbilt Television News Archive is the world's most extensive and complete archive of television news. They have been recording, preserving and providing access to television news broadcasts of the national networks since August 5, 1968.

• October 1972 Broadcast Index

Wikipedia is a free encyclopedia that anyone can edit.

• October 9, 1972