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March 5, 1969

Introduction

This almanac page for Wednesday, March 5, 1969, pulls together various records created by the federal government and links to additional resources which can provide context about the events of the day.

Previous Date: Tuesday, March 4, 1969

Next Date: Thursday, March 6, 1969

Schedule and Public Documents

  • The Daily Diary files represent a consolidated record of the President's activities. Visit the finding aid to learn more.

    The President's day began at The White House - Washington, D. C.

  • The Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents made available transcripts of the President's news conferences; messages to Congress; public speeches, remarks, and statements; and other Presidential materials released by the White House.

    Addresses and Remarks

    • Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy (5 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 369, March 5, 1969)
      The President's Remarks Upon Presenting the Trophy to the Apollo 8 Astronauts and Upon Announcing the Nomination of Dr. Thomas O. Paine To Be Administrator of NASA, With Remarks by James M. Murray, President of the National Space Club, Mrs. Goddard, Capt. James A. Lovell, Jr., USN, and Dr. Paine.

    Awards and Citations

    • Presidential Unit Citation (5 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 373, March 5, 1969)
      Announcement of Award to the 1st Battalion, 28th Infantry, 1st Infantry Division, United States Army.

    Executive Orders

    Statements by the President

    • Minority Business Enterprise (5 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 371, March 5, 1969)
      Statement by the President Upon Signing an Executive Order Providing for a National Program.

    Checklist of White House Press Releases

    The releases listed below, made public by the Office of the White House Press Secretary during the period covered by this issue, are not included in the issue.

    • Biography of Thomas O. Paine.
    • Background information on Astronauts Borman, Lovell, and Anders.
    • Background information on the Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy.
    • Press conference of Maurice H. Stans and Robert J. Brown, on minority business enterprise.
    • Announcement of assignment of Maj. Gen. Oren E. Hurlbut, USA, as Army member, Joint Logistic Review Board, and of his appointment to the grade of lieutenant general.
    • List of persons attending the signing of an Executive order on minority business enterprise.

    Digest of Other White House Announcements

    Following is a listing of items of general interest which were announced in the press but not made public as formal White House press releases during the period covered by this issue. Appointments requiring Senate approval are not included since they appear in the list of nominations submitted to the Senate, below.

    • President Emile Derlin Zinsou of the Republic of Dahomey paid an informal call on the President at the White House.
    • Senator Margaret Chase Smith of Maine, Senators George D. Aiken and Winston L. Prouty of Vermont, Senator Edward O. Brooke of Massachusetts, and Senator Norris Cotton of New Hampshire met with the President to discuss the oil shortage in New England.

  • Each Public Papers of the Presidents volume contains the papers and speeches of the President of the United States that were issued by the White House Office of the Press Secretary during the time period specified by the volume. The material is presented in chronological order, and the dates shown in the headings are the dates of the documents or events. In instances when the release date differs from the date of the document itself, that fact is shown in the text note.

    To ensure accuracy, remarks have been checked against audio recordings (when available) and signed documents have been checked against the original, unless otherwise noted. Editors have provided text notes and cross references for purposes of identification or clarity.

  • The Federal Register is the official daily publication for rules, proposed rules, and notices of federal agencies and organizations, as well as executive orders and other Presidential documents.

  • The Congressional Record is the official daily record of the debates and proceedings of the U.S. Congress.

  • Argued

Archival Holdings

Any selection of archival documents will necessarily be partial. You should use the documents and folders identified below as a starting place, but consult the linked collection finding aids and folder title lists and the collections themselves for context. Many documents to be found this way do not lend themselves to association with specific dates, but are essential to a complete understanding of the material.

  • Selective document listing

    President's Office Files

    The President's Office Files consists of materials drawn together by the Special Files Unit from several administrative subdivisions within the White House Office. It is the handwriting and sensitive papers sent to the Staff Secretary that now comprise much of the President's Office Files. Visit the finding aid to learn more.

    • Annotated News Summaries, Box 28, News Summaries - March 1969 [During this period, the Staff Secretary only removed pages from the News Summaries which contained President Nixon's handwriting, often leaving the document with no date. Although there are no specific documents dated March 5, 1969, you should also consult the full folder for the month.]

  • The H. R. Haldeman Diaries consists of seven handwritten diaries, 36 dictated diaries recorded as sound recordings, and two handwritten audio cassette tape subject logs. The diaries and logs reflect H. R. Haldeman’s candid personal record and reflections on events, issues, and people encountered during his service in the Nixon White House. As administrative assistant to the President and Chief of Staff, Haldeman attended and participated in public events and private meetings covering the entire scope of issues in which the Nixon White House engaged in during the years 1969-1973. Visit the finding aid to learn more.

    • Transcript of diary entry (PDF)
      Wednesday, March 5.

      Long staff meeting with Ehrlichman and Harlow and Alex this morning because President involved with NSC. Decided on some major changes in operations. Will start daily staff meetings of all top staff - for a half hour in morning - to see if we can solve communication problem. Probably will shift fairly quickly to Monday-Wednesday-Friday. Also will make shift in personnel organization following plan developed by Higby - if I can persuade Flanigan to stay on. Also agreed we need a czar for domestic like Kissinger in national security and decided it should be Ehrlichman. Now have to implement.

      Spent lot of time with President as he floundered through the day. Let-down from trip and press conference has set in. NSC was about all he could handle - he canceled a couple of appointments. Was rambling on about lots of trivia - wants Lincoln portrait over fireplace instead of Washington, discussed plans for EOB office, staff odds and ends. Came up with idea of going to Manchester, NH on March 12 - anniversary of NH primary.

      Still worried about public relations side - thinks we need another man to propagandize while Ziegler handles straight briefings.

      Got great telegrams reacting to press conference last night. But thinks we don't adequately get out the story.

      Good meeting with Rogers Morton. Pepped the President up with his enthusiasm. He needed it. Decided to walk around at EOB, see people. Dropped by Klein's offices and the writer group. Looked at his space again, and said to go ahead with plans for redecorating.

      Has decided not to go to Key Biscayne this weekend. Will do Camp David instead. Has to make ABM decision - and we need a long staff session with him, so just as well.
    • Handwritten diary entry (JPG)

  • The National Archives Catalog is the online portal to the records held at the National Archives, and information about those records. It is the main way of describing our holdings and also provides access to electronic records and digitized versions of our holdings. 

    The Catalog searches across multiple National Archives resources at once, including archival descriptions, digitized and electronic records, authority records, and web pages from Archives.gov and the Presidential Libraries. The Catalog also allows users to contribute to digitized historical records through tagging and transcription.

    Nixon Library Holdings

    All National Archives Units

National Security Documents

  • The President's Daily Brief is the primary vehicle for summarizing the day-to-day sensitive intelligence and analysis, as well as late-breaking reports, for the White House on current and future national security issues. Read "The President's Daily Brief: Delivering Intelligence to Nixon and Ford" to learn more.

    • President's Daily Brief of 05 March 1969 [consult link for visuals and extent of redactions]
      The President's Daily Brief

      5 March 1969
      19
      Top Secret

      I. MAJOR PROBLEMS

      MIDDLE EAST
      Persons unknown fired on and destroyed the Iraqi Petroleum Company's desulphurization plant in Kirkuk on Saturday. The plant is in Kurdish territory, and the action might be a prelude to the reopening of the Kurdish rebellion. [redacted]

      In any case, Iraq's petroleum production has dropped from about 1.1 million barrels per day to about 440,000 since Saturday. The companies which comprise the IPC may make up the loss by increasing production in Iran--a step which would please the Shah but would cause the Iraqis substantial financial damage.

      * * *

      [redacted]

      EUROPE
      There is nothing significant to report.

      SOVIET AFFAIRS
      The meeting of the West German Federal Assembly in West Berlin today passed without major harassment. The East Germans, however, closed the Berlin-Helmstedt autobahn twice and for the first time during the current imbroglio, closed the other two main roads to West Berlin. There was no harassment of West Berlin itself, and access from West Berlin to the Communist part of the city was not impeded.

      According to West Berlin Mayor Schuetz, this week's minor harassments have had little effect upon the morale and confidence of the city's inhabitants. A Soviet diplomat in East Berlin, however, has suggested that problems concerning access to the city may only be beginning.

      On 3 March, the second secretary of the Soviet Embassy Georgy Sannikov, stated that there would be no trouble over the Federal Assembly meeting, but that in the next six months the East Germans will gradually impose restrictions on the transport of industrial goods to and from the city "right down to buttons" on West German army uniforms. Sannikov said that this idea was originated by the East Germans and had been approved by the Soviets. He also said that should Bonn plead to Moscow to restore the status quo, the Soviets would advise the West Germans to negotiate with Pankow. Sannikov's statement may have been intended as a follow-up to the Soviet note of 26 February in which Moscow requested the East Germans to study measures designed to cut off the flow of military goods allegedly manufactured in West Berlin.

      VIETNAM
      While Thieu and his associates seem to have remained cool thus far in the face of the current enemy offensive and the shellings of Saigon, they are clearly beginning to feel domestic pressure to react. The South Vietnamese delegation in Paris wants to propose adjournment of today's meeting after they make an unusually brief presentation (they are last in the speaking order). The manner in which this proposal has been put to US representatives suggests that the South Vietnamese are interested in taking a reading of US firmness in the face of the shellings.

      South Vietnamese Government leaders' concern probably has been made all the keener by the assassination attempt on Prime Minister Huong. This incident--in comparison to the shellings--is likely to be regarded as a more convincing demonstration of the Communists' lack of interest in negotiating with the present Saigon government. It would not be surprising if Thieu seriously considers a walkout from the talks in the near future, particularly if there are more shellings of Saigon or if there is another assassination attempt.

      South Vietnamese pressure on the US to join in some kind of unmistakable response could develop quickly. The GVN regards the understanding on the immunity of Saigon from attacks not only as fundamental to its agreement to go to Paris in the first place but also as basic to mutual trust between Saigon and Washington.

      The Communists realize that even a limited shelling of Saigon can put great strains on US-GVN relations, but they also are aware that to push too far with the shellings could bring a break in the talks, something they probably do not want to see.

      The assassination attempt on Prime Minister Huong may have been only the first in a series of such incidents. Captured enemy documents and prisoners have indicated that at some point in the current offensive Communist terrorists would go into action in South Vietnam's urban centers. The Communists
      probably believe that the death of any of the top government leaders could severely shake the GVN's stability. Huong's death in particular would remove one of President Thieu's most effective lieutenants, against whom Ky has been intriguing. In this instance, however, it is fairly clear that the Communists, not Ky, were responsible.

      * * *

      The Communists seem to be standing pat in Paris, probably in expectation that the US will soon try to get private talks under way. Both Hanoi and the Front have made known their interest in private talks, especially through the Soviets and French, and they are unlikely to move much further until they see what results these probes produce.

      We are less sanguine than before that the Communists would respond positively to any kind of approach from the South Vietnamese for private contacts. They clearly are bent on having the US included in discussions with the Front and they are not likely to go very far with the South Vietnamese alone at this point.

      It seems increasingly plain that once private talks are started, the Communists will press hard to put a damper on US military operations in South Vietnam, presumably by holding out prospects of similar curbs on "Front" military action. [redacted]

      * * *

      The major area of Communist activity over the past 24 hours was again in the central highlands of South Vietnam. In addition to continued pressure on the Ben Het Special Forces camp, the enemy staged several attacks on populated civilian areas, including the shelling of the provincial capital of Pleiku and the overrunning of a village in Kontum Province. At last report, the Communists were still holding part of the village and other parts were on fire. [redacted]

      * * *

      In the first few days of the current offensive, the enemy made little effort to counter the government's pacification program. Unlike last year's Tet period, Revolutionary Development cadre have by and large remained in the field rather than pulling back to defend province capitals. By remaining at their outposts, however, they are vulnerable to large unit enemy attacks.

      Reports are now beginning to come in from the rural areas suggesting that the enemy may have begun to focus some of his military attacks against pacified hamlets, and pacification cadre. In II Corps, for example, the Communists are apparently making special efforts to seek out and kill government cadre working in the villages. Before the current Communist-campaign runs its course, the enemy probably will make a fairly substantial effort to counter recent government gains in the area of pacification.

      In spite of such terrorism, the first elections for local officials, which are being staged on the first four Sundays of March, were successfully completed on 2 March. Voter turnout was unusually heavy, as candidates were running for council seats in 92 villages and for administrative offices in 189 hamlets. Communist harassment was generally light and apparently ineffective.

      * * *

      [redacted]

      II. OTHER IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENTS

      KENYA
      [redacted]

      LAOS
      Communist pressure in the northeast is growing in the wake of the government's loss of Na Khang. Outposts in the general area of that main base are being threatened by advancing North Vietnamese troops. Efforts to blunt the offensive are hampered by the influx of large numbers of tribal refugees into the bases still under government control. In addition, government personnel and equipment losses in the recent fighting have evidently been high.

      Prime Minister Souvanna interprets the attack against Na Khang as evidence that the Soviet ambassador's recent visits to Hanoi and Pathet Lao headquarters have not moved the Communists closer to negotiations. He also fears the North Vietnamese will capitalize on their recent gains by moving southwest into an area between Vientiane and Luang Prabang from which they were driven several years ago.

      Souvanna has asked for additional US equipment for the army.

      PERU
      The Peruvian Government has tentatively decided that if the US asks it to return one destroyer because of the recent fishing boat incident, all five US ships on loan will be sent back. The return of the ships would be accompanied by an announcement that Peru cannot accept loan conditions that insult its sovereignty. Peru now has two destroyers and three smaller craft on loan from the US, but only one, the destroyer USS Isherwood, could be subject to US legislation requiring the recall of ships on loan to a country that seizes US fishing boats.

      LATE NOTES FOR THE PRESIDENT'S DAILY BRIEF OF 
      5 MARCH 1969

      [redacted]

      LATE NOTES FOR THE PRESIDENT'S DAILY BRIEF OF
      5 MARCH 1969

      I. MAJOR PROBLEMS

      MIDDLE EAST
      Ambassador Barbour has learned from Mrs. Meir herself that she intends to accept her party's offer to head the Israeli Government, and she expects to be able to present a cabinet to the Knesset for approval on 12 March. [redacted]

      * * *

      According to preliminary reports, several students were wounded today by an explosive charge set off at the cafeteria of the Hebrew University campus in Jerusalem. Over 200 students were in the cafeteria at the time. (Press, 6 Mar 69)

      * * *

      Israeli troops on the east bank of the Suez Canal shelled Egyptian positions across the waterway today. An Israeli military spokesman said this was in retaliation for the recent outbreak of Arab sniping along the canal. (Press, 6 Mar 69)

      EUROPE
      There is nothing significant to report.

      SOVIET AFFAIRS
      The East Germans again closed the Helmstedt-Berlin autobahn this morning for three hours. It was reopened at 0600 EST (1200 local time). [redacted]

      VIETNAM
      The Communist shelling of Saigon yesterday with seven 122-mrn. rockets killed 22 civilians and wounded 29 others. This action was probably meant to underscore the Communists' insistence that they will not curb military activities without progress in the Paris talks. The Communists clearly hope that sporadic attacks of this sort, and such terrorist acts as the assassination attempt against Huong, will shake the South Vietnamese Government and produce divisions on the allied side. (Central Intelligence Bulletin; [redacted]

      II. OTHER IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENTS
      There is nothing significant to report.

  • The Foreign Relations of the United States series presents the official documentary historical record of major U.S. foreign policy decisions and significant diplomatic activity. Visit the State Department website for more information.

    Vol. XVII, China, 1969-1972

    China, 1969

    Vol. XXXIV, National Security Policy, 1969-1972

    Parity, Safeguard, and the SS-9 Controversy

    Vol. E-2, Documents on Arms Control and Nonproliferation, 1969-1972

    Eighteen-Nation Disarmament Committee; Seabed Arms Control Treaty

    • 67. Memorandum From Spurgeon Keeny and Morton Halperin of the National Security Council Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) , Washington, March 5, 1969

      The memorandum briefed Kissinger for the next day’s Review Group. It focused on the three key issues for the ENDC, the test ban, the halting of production of fissionable material, and arms control for the seabeds. He went on to outline the “substantial” disagreement between the AEC, the JCS, the ACDA, and the DOD on each item. On the second issue, the NPT, Keeny reiterated the U.S. position of not pressuring nations to sign the agreement. Also included was an Agenda for the following day’s ENDC meeting.

      Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, NSC Institutional Files (H-Files), Box H–34, Senior Review Group Meeting, 3/6/69. Top Secret. Sent for action.

  • The Kissinger telephone conversation transcripts consist of approximately 20,000 pages of transcripts of Kissinger’s telephone conversations during his tenure as Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (1969-1974) and Secretary of State (1973-1974) during the administration of President Richard Nixon. Visit the finding aid for more information.

    Digitized versions can be found in the National Archives Catalog.

Audiovisual Holdings

  • The White House Photo Office collection consists of photographic coverage of President Richard Nixon meeting with prominent social, political, and cultural personalities; speaking engagements and news conferences of the President and various high-ranking members of the White House staff and Cabinet; Presidential domestic and foreign travel, including Presidential vacations; social events and entertainment involving the First Family, including entertainers present; official portraits of the President, First Family, and high-ranking members of the Nixon administration; the 1969 and 1973 Inaugurals; the President’s 1972 Presidential election campaign appearances (including speeches) and other official activities of the White House staff and the President’s Cabinet from January 20, 1969 until August 9, 1974 at the White House and the Old Executive Office Building; other locations in Washington, DC, such as The Mall; and the Presidential retreats in Camp David, Maryland, Key Biscayne, Florida, and San Clemente, California. Visit the finding aid to learn more.

    Roll WHPO-0437 Photographer: Atkins, Oliver | Color or B&W: B&W

    • Frame(s): WHPO-0437-, Interior view of the Oval Office and it's furniture. 3/5/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, East Room.

    Roll WHPO-0445 Photographer: Atkins, Oliver | Color or B&W: B&W

    • Frame(s): WHPO-0445-, President Nixon and Vice President Agnew at presentation of the Goddard Memorial Trophy to the Apollo 8 crew, with Capt. James A. Lovell accepting. 3/5/1969, Washington, D.C. Fish Room, White House. President Nixon, Spiro Agnew, James A. Lovell, Thomas O. Paine, Air Force Secretary Dr. Robert Seamans, Mrs. Robert Goddard, Dr. Lee DuBridge, unidentified others.

    Roll WHPO-0446 Photographer: Atkins, Oliver | Color or B&W: B&W

    • Frame(s): WHPO-0446-, President Emile-Derlin Zinsou of Dahomey speaking with President Nixon. 3/5/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, Oval Office. President Nixon, Emile-Derlin Zinsou.

    Roll WHPO-0447 Photographer: Atkins, Oliver | Color or B&W: B&W

    • Frame(s): WHPO-0447-01-10, President Nixon signing the executive order to create the Office of Minority Business Enterprise. Executive Order title: "Prescribing Arrangements for Developing and Coordinating a National Program for Minority Business Enterprise.". 3/5/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, Cabinet Room. President Nixon, George Romney, Maurice Stans, Herbert Klein, Robert J. Brown, Hilary Sandoval, Administrator, Small Business Administration, Clifford M. Hardin, George Shultz, George W. Romney, T. M. Alexander, Richard Allen, Margaret L. Belcher, John Belindo, Darwin Bolden, Honorable Edward W. Brooke, Berkeley Burrell, Sammie Chess Jr. Esq., John Clay, Clifford Coles, Wardell Croft, John Davis, Rev. Walter Fauntroy, Charles B. Fisher, Joe Gomez, William Hamilton, Dorothy Height, Judge Alfred J. Hernandez, Dr. Edward Irons, John H. Johnson, Napoleon Johnson, Joe Kirven, Congressman Honorable Manuel Lujan, Luis Nunez, Myrtle Ollison, Hobson r. Reynolds, Eliu Romero, George Sandoval, John Torres, Clarence Townes Sr., Mayor Walter Washington, John Wheeler, Charles William, John Wooten, Dr. Harding Young.
    • Frame(s): WHPO-0447-09, President Nixon signing the executive order to create the Office of Minority Business Enterprise. Executive Order title: "Prescribing Arrangements for Developing and Coordinating a National Program for Minority Business Enterprise.". 3/5/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, Cabinet Room. President Nixon, George Romney, Maurice Stans, Herbert Klein, Robert J. Brown, Hilary Sandoval, Administrator, Small Business Administration, Clifford M. Hardin, George Shultz, George W. Romney, T. M. Alexander, Richard Allen, Margaret L. Belcher, John Belindo, Darwin Bolden, Honorable Edward W. Brooke, Berkeley Burrell, Sammie Chess Jr. Esq., John Clay, Clifford Coles, Wardell Croft, John Davis, Rev. Walter Fauntroy, Charles B. Fisher, Joe Gomez, William Hamilton, Dorothy Height, Judge Alfred J. Hernandez, Dr. Edward Irons, John H. Johnson, Napoleon Johnson, Joe Kirven, Congressman Honorable Manuel Lujan, Luis Nunez, Myrtle Ollison, Hobson r. Reynolds, Eliu Romero, George Sandoval, John Torres, Clarence Townes Sr., Mayor Walter Washington, John Wheeler, Charles William, John Wooten, Dr. Harding Young.

    Roll WHPO-0448 Photographer: Kightlinger, Jack | Color or B&W: Color

    • Frame(s): WHPO-0448-03-09, White House, Children's Garden. 3/5/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, Childern's Garden.
    • Frame(s): WHPO-0448-10-11, Unidentified Navy guard in the Children's Garden. 3/5/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, Childern's Garden. unknown.

    Roll WHPO-0449 Photographer: Atkins, Oliver | Color or B&W: B&W

    • Frame(s): WHPO-0449-, President Nixon with Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater holding American Indian gifts, a woven basket and a framed drawing of a Hopi Kachina dancer. 3/5/1969, Washington, D.C. White House. President Nixon, Barry Goldwater.
    • Frame(s): WHPO-0449-09, President Nixon with Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater holding American Indian gifts: a woven basket and a framed drawing of a Hopi Kachina dancer. 3/5/1969, Washington, D.C. White House. President Nixon, Barry Goldwater.

    Roll WHPO-0451 Photographer: Atkins, Oliver | Color or B&W: B&W

    • Frame(s): WHPO-0451-04-06, President Nixon meeting with Republican Senators from New England. 3/5/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, Cabinet Room. President Nixon, George Aiken, Edward Brooke, Norris Cotton, Winston Prouty, Margaret Chase Smith, unidentified man.
    • Frame(s): WHPO-0451-16-21, President Nixon with members of his staff and Congressman Rogers Morton. 3/5/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, Oval Office. President Nixon, Rogers Morton, Ehrlichman, Haldeman, John Sears, Bryce N. Harlow.

    Roll WHPO-0452 Photographer: Knudsen, Robert L. | Color or B&W: B&W

    • Frame(s): WHPO-0452-, Pat Nixon seated with with Holly Schmidt, the Muscular Dystrophy Association's National Poster Child. 3/5/1969, Washington, D.C. White House. Pat Nixon, Holly Schmidt.
    • Frame(s): WHPO-0452-19, Pat Nixon seated with with Holly Schmidt, the Muscular Dystrophy Association's National Poster Child. 3/5/1969, Washington, D.C. White House. Pat Nixon, Holly Schmidt.

  • The White House Communications Agency Sound Recordings Collection contains public statements that took place between 1969 and 1974. Visit the finding aid to learn more.

    G - Cabinet Officer Briefings

    • WHCA-SR-G-007
      Remarks to press by Secretary of Commerce Maurice Stans regarding minority businesses. (3/5/1969, Roosevelt Room, The White House)

      Runtime: 20:00

      Production credits: Audio feed supplied by ABC; No WHCA engineer initials listed

      Original Format: 1/4-inch reel-to-reel audiotape. Original source type: Original.

    P - Formal Presidential Remarks

    • WHCA-SR-P-690308
      Remarks by President Nixon on Presenting the Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy (Award) to Apollo 8 astronauts, announcement of Thomas O. Paine as Director of NASA with remarks by Thomas O. Paine, James Murray, Mrs. Goddard, Captain James Lovell. (3/5/1969, Fish Room at the White House)

      Runtime: 5:02

      Keywords: NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, space program, astronauts

      Original Format: 1/4-inch reel-to-reel audiotape. Original source type: Original.

Context (External Sources)