Introduction
This almanac page for Tuesday, January 21, 1969, pulls together various records created by the federal government and links to additional resources which can provide context about the events of the day.
Previous Date: Monday, January 20, 1969
Next Date: Wednesday, January 22, 1969
Schedule and Public Documents
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The Daily Diary files represent a consolidated record of the President's activities. Visit the finding aid to learn more.
The President's day began at Washington, D. C.
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The Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents made available transcripts of the President's news conferences; messages to Congress; public speeches, remarks, and statements; and other Presidential materials released by the White House.
Addresses and Remarks
- Reception for Campaign Workers (5 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 154, January 21, 1969)
Remarks of the President and Mrs. Nixon, Vice President Spiro T. Agnew, and Mr. and Mrs. David Eisenhower.
Swearing-In Ceremonies
- White House Staff (5 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 156, January 21, 1969)
Remarks of the President and Chief Justice Earl Warren at the Swearing In of New Staff Members. - The Cabinet (5 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 157, January 21, 1969)
The President's Remarks at the Swearing In of the Cabinet.
Digest of Other White House Announcements
Following is a listing of items of general interest which were announced in the press but not made public as formal White House press releases during the period covered by this issue. Appointments requiring Senate approval are not included since they appear in the list of nominations submitted to the Senate, below.
- The President designated Robert E. Hampton as Chairman of the Civil Service Commission.
- The President met with Secretary General Galo Plaza of the Organization of American States at the White House.
Nominations Submitted to the Senate
Does not include promotions of members of the Uniformed Services, nominations to the Service Academies, or nominations of Foreign Service Officers.
- ELLIOT L. RICHARDSON, of Massachusetts, to be Under Secretary of State.
- U. ALEXIS JOHNSON, of California, a Foreign Service Officer of the Class of Career Ambassador, to be Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs.
- RICHARD F. PEDERSEN, of California, to be Counselor of the Department of State.
- DAVID PACKARD, of California, to be Deputy Secretary of Defense.
- ROBERT F. FROEHLKE, of Wisconsin, to be an Assistant Secretary of Defense.
- ROBERT C. SEAMANS, JR., of Massachusetts, to be Secretary of the Air Force.
- JOHN H. CHAFEE, of Rhode Island, to be Secretary of the Navy.
- J. PHIL CAMPBELL, of Georgia, to be Under Secretary of Agriculture.
- CLARENCE D. PALMBY, of Virginia, to be an Assistant Secretary of Agriculture.
- ROCCO C. SICILIANO, of California, to be Under Secretary of Commerce.
- JAMES D. HODGSON, of California, to be Under Secretary of Labor.
- ARNOLD R. WEBER, of Illinois, to be an Assistant Secretary of Labor.
- GEOFFREY H. MOORE, of New Jersey, to be Commissioner of Labor Statistics, United States Department of Labor, for a term of 4 years.
- ELIZABETH DUNCAN KOONTZ, of North Carolina, to be Director of the Women's Bureau, Department of Labor.
- PATRICIA REILLY HITT, of California, to be an Assistant Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare.
- JAMES E. JOHNSON, of California, to be a Civil Service Commissioner for the remainder of a term expiring March 1, 1971, vice John Williams Macy, Jr., resigned.
- WALTER E. WASHINGTON, of the District of Columbia, to be Commissioner of the District of Columbia for a term expiring February 1, 1973 (reappointment).
- PAUL W. MCCRACKEN, of Michigan, to be a member of the Council of Economic Advisers.
- GEORGE A. LINCOLN, of Michigan, to be Director of the Office of Emergency Preparedness.
- LEE A. DuBRIDGE, of California, to be Director of the Office of Science and Technology.
- Reception for Campaign Workers (5 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 154, January 21, 1969)
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Each Public Papers of the Presidents volume contains the papers and speeches of the President of the United States that were issued by the White House Office of the Press Secretary during the time period specified by the volume. The material is presented in chronological order, and the dates shown in the headings are the dates of the documents or events. In instances when the release date differs from the date of the document itself, that fact is shown in the text note.
To ensure accuracy, remarks have been checked against audio recordings (when available) and signed documents have been checked against the original, unless otherwise noted. Editors have provided text notes and cross references for purposes of identification or clarity.
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The Federal Register is the official daily publication for rules, proposed rules, and notices of federal agencies and organizations, as well as executive orders and other Presidential documents.
No Federal Register published on this date
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The Congressional Record is the official daily record of the debates and proceedings of the U.S. Congress.
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Argued
Archival Holdings
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Selective document listing
President's Personal File
The President's Personal File is essentially a President's secretary's file, kept by Rose Mary Woods, personal secretary to the President, for two purposes: (1) preserving for posterity a collection of documents particularly close to the President, whether because he dictated or annotated them, or because of the importance of the correspondent or the event concerned and (2) giving appropriate attention–letters of gratitude, invitations to White House social events, and the like–to members and important friends and supporters of the Nixon administration. This generalization does not describe all the varied materials of a file group which is essentially a miscellany, but it does identify the reason for the existence of the file group's core. Visit the finding aid to learn more.
- Memoranda from the President, Box 1, Memos--January 1969
- Memo; The President to Bob Haldeman re: Letters. January 21, 1969. 6 pgs.
- Memoranda from the President, Box 1, Memos--January 1969
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Selective document listing
White House Press Office
The White House Press Office during the Presidency of Richard Nixon was responsible for daily communication with the White House press corps. Ronald L. Ziegler was the Press Secretary to the President for Nixon's entire term in office from January 1969 to August 1974 and Gerald Warren served as the Deputy Press Secretary. The office held daily briefings for the press and produced the White House’s press releases. Visit the finding aid to learn more.
- White House Press Conferences, Box 55
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News Conference #2 at the White House with Ron Ziegler, January 21, 1969, 10:35 A.M. EST. 3 pgs.
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News Conference #3 at the White House with Ron Ziegler, January 21, 1969, 1:45 PM EST. 7 pgs.
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News Conference #4 at the White House with Ron Ziegler, January 21, 1969, 4:25 PM EST. 10 pgs.
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- White House Press Conferences, Box 55
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The H. R. Haldeman Diaries consists of seven handwritten diaries, 36 dictated diaries recorded as sound recordings, and two handwritten audio cassette tape subject logs. The diaries and logs reflect H. R. Haldeman’s candid personal record and reflections on events, issues, and people encountered during his service in the Nixon White House. As administrative assistant to the President and Chief of Staff, Haldeman attended and participated in public events and private meetings covering the entire scope of issues in which the Nixon White House engaged in during the years 1969-1973. Visit the finding aid to learn more.
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White House Special Files
- Box 31
White House Special Files: Contested Materials
- Box 1
- WHSF: SMOF: Steve Bull: Phone Calls Submitted [1969]
- Telegram; Gene Pulliam to Herb Klein re: a message for RN. 1 pg.
- WHSF: SMOF: Steve Bull: Phone Calls Submitted [1969]
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The National Archives Catalog is the online portal to the records held at the National Archives, and information about those records. It is the main way of describing our holdings and also provides access to electronic records and digitized versions of our holdings.
The Catalog searches across multiple National Archives resources at once, including archival descriptions, digitized and electronic records, authority records, and web pages from Archives.gov and the Presidential Libraries. The Catalog also allows users to contribute to digitized historical records through tagging and transcription.
Nixon Library Holdings
All National Archives Units
National Security Documents
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The President's Daily Brief is the primary vehicle for summarizing the day-to-day sensitive intelligence and analysis, as well as late-breaking reports, for the White House on current and future national security issues. Read "The President's Daily Brief: Delivering Intelligence to Nixon and Ford" to learn more.
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The Foreign Relations of the United States series presents the official documentary historical record of major U.S. foreign policy decisions and significant diplomatic activity. Visit the State Department website for more information.
Vol. II, Organization and Management of U.S. Foreign Policy, 1969-1972
The NSC System
- 15. Minutes of the First Meeting of the National Security Council , Washington, January 21, 1969, 2 p.m.
Source: Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Kissinger Papers, Box TS 82, NSC Meetings, Jan–Mar 1969. Top Secret; Sensitive. The time of the meeting is from the President’s Daily Diary. (National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, White House Central Files) The Diary indicates that Haig also attended the meeting, and presumably he prepared the minutes. The Record of Actions prepared by Haig is ibid., NSC Files, Haig Chronological File, Box 955, Chron—Col. Haig–January 1969.
Vol. III, Foreign Economic Policy; International Monetary Policy, 1969-1972
International Monetary Policy, 1969-1972
- 109. National Security Study Memorandum 7 , Washington, January 21, 1969
Source: National Archives, RG 59, S/S Files: Lot 80 D 212, NSSM 7. Secret. NSSM 7 established what became known as the Volcker Group after its Chairman, Under Secretary of the Treasury for Monetary Affairs Paul A. Volcker. The members were Volcker, Fred Bergsten, Dewey Daane, Henrik Houthakker, and Nathaniel Samuels. The Volcker Group was the successor to the Deming Group in the Johnson administration, chaired by then Under Secretary of the Treasury for Monetary Affairs, Frederick L. Deming. From 1969 to 1974 various U.S. Government, foreign government, IMF, and academic papers were distributed, in several numbered series, to members of the Group for their consideration, often at scheduled meetings. A set of these papers is in the Washington National Records Center, Department of the Treasury, Volcker Group Masters: FRC 56 86 30. A duplicate set of Volcker Group papers, bound into folders and indexed, is ibid., Office of the Assistant Secretary for International Affairs Central Files: FRC 56 86 24, The World/l/555 Volcker Group 1969. The papers were most often distributed under cover of a memorandum from George H. Willis, Deputy to the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs. Willis attended Volcker Group meetings and many international meetings on international monetary issues, such as G-10 and C-20 Deputies meetings. Spiral notebooks with his handwritten notes from some of these meetings are ibid., Deputy to the Assistant Secretary for International Affairs: FRC 56 83 26, Willis Notes.
Vol. VI, Vietnam, January 1969-July 1970
Vietnam, January 1969-July 1970
- 3. Memorandum of Conversation Between Secretary of State Rogers and the Former Head of the Delegation to the Paris Peace Talks on Vietnam (Harriman) , Washington, January 21, 1969
Source: Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, Harriman Papers, Box 562, Special Files of Public Service, Kennedy–Johnson Administration, Trips and Missions, 1968–1969, Paris Peace Talks, Memoranda of Conversation. No classification marking. Drafted by Harriman.
- 4. National Security Study Memorandum 1 , Washington, January 21, 1969
Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 365, Subject Files, NSSMs 1–42. Secret.
Vol. XIX, Part 2, Japan, 1969-1972
January-November 1969: The Decision for Okinawa Reversion
- 2. National Security Study Memorandum 5 , Washington, January 21, 1969
Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 365, Subject Files, National Security Study Memoranda, Nos. 1–42.
Vol. XXIII, Arab-Israeli Dispute, 1969-1972
The Rogers Plan
- 3. National Security Study Memorandum 2, Washington, January 21, 1969
Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, NSC Institutional Files (H-Files), Box H–126, National Security Study Memoranda, Secret.
Vol. XXIV, Middle East Region and Arabian Peninsula, 1969-1972; Jordan, September 1970
Middle East Region
- 1. National Security Study Memorandum 2 , Washington, January 21, 1969
Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, NSC Institutional Files (H-Files), Box H–126, National Security Study Memoranda, NSSM 2. Secret.
Vol. XXIX, Eastern Europe, 1969-1972
Czechoslovakia
- 77. Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Council Staff to the Presidentʼs Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) , Washington, January 21, 1969
Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 672, Country Files—Europe, Czechoslovakia, Vol. I Jan 69–31 Jan 70. Secret.
Vol. XXXIV, National Security Policy, 1969-1972
Parity, Safeguard, and the SS-9 Controversy
- 2. National Security Study Memorandum 3 , Washington, January 21, 1969
Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 365, Subject Files, NSSMs, Nos. 1–42. Secret.
- 3. National Security Study Memorandum 8 , Washington, January 21, 1969
Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 365, Subject Files, NSSMs, Nos. 1–42. Top Secret.
Vol. XLI, Western Europe; NATO, 1969-1972
Western Europe Region and NATO
- 1. Intelligence Memorandum Prepared in the Central Intelligence Agency , Washington, January 21, 1969
Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 254, Agency Files, NATO. Secret; [handling restriction not declassified]. Prepared in the Office of Current Intelligence and coordinated with the Office of Strategic Research, the Office of National Estimates, and the Office of Economic Research. Distributed to Bergsten, Sonnenfeldt, and Haig.
Vol. XLI, Western Europe; NATO, 1969-1972
Western Europe Region and NATO
- 2. National Security Study Memorandum 6 , Washington, January 21, 1969
Source: National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 365, Subject Files, National Security Study Memoranda (NSSM’s)—Nos. 1 thru. Secret.
Vol. E-1, Documents on Global Issues, 1969-1972
U.S. Policy Towards Terrorism, Hijacking of Aircraft, and Attacks on Civil Aviation: Israeli Attack on Beirut Airport and Hijacking of TWA Flight 840, January-December 1969
- 4. Telegram 9888 From the Department of State to the Embassies in Lebanon and Israel, Washington, January 21, 1969, 2342Z
The Department informed the Embassies that the ICAO Council voted to consider the Lebanese complaint on the Beirut airport raid but to exclude the Israeli counter-complaint on the Athens El Al hijacking. Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the U.S. began to draft a resolution on prevention of violence against international civil aviation.
Source: National Archives, RG 59, Central Files 1967-69, POL 27 ARAB-ISR. Limited Official Use. Repeated to USUN. Drafted by Carolan; cleared in NEA/ARN and in substance in NEA/IAI and E/OA/AL; and approved by Brown.
- 15. Minutes of the First Meeting of the National Security Council , Washington, January 21, 1969, 2 p.m.
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The Kissinger telephone conversation transcripts consist of approximately 20,000 pages of transcripts of Kissinger’s telephone conversations during his tenure as Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (1969-1974) and Secretary of State (1973-1974) during the administration of President Richard Nixon. Visit the finding aid for more information.
Digitized versions of many of these transcripts can be found on the Yale University Library website.
- 11:50, David Kennedy
- 12:05 PM, Secy Rogers; Mr. Kissinger
- 1:40 PM, Ambassador Lucet of France; Mr. Kissinger
- 7:20 PM, Mr. Kissinger; Governor Rockefeller
Audiovisual Holdings
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The White House Photo Office collection consists of photographic coverage of President Richard Nixon meeting with prominent social, political, and cultural personalities; speaking engagements and news conferences of the President and various high-ranking members of the White House staff and Cabinet; Presidential domestic and foreign travel, including Presidential vacations; social events and entertainment involving the First Family, including entertainers present; official portraits of the President, First Family, and high-ranking members of the Nixon administration; the 1969 and 1973 Inaugurals; the President’s 1972 Presidential election campaign appearances (including speeches) and other official activities of the White House staff and the President’s Cabinet from January 20, 1969 until August 9, 1974 at the White House and the Old Executive Office Building; other locations in Washington, DC, such as The Mall; and the Presidential retreats in Camp David, Maryland, Key Biscayne, Florida, and San Clemente, California. Visit the finding aid to learn more.
Roll WHPO-0035 Photographer: Atkins, Oliver | Color or B&W: B&W
- Frame(s): WHPO-0035-01-34, A White House election celebration buffet, for President Nixon's campaign staff. 1/21/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, East Room. Unidentified campaign staff members and guests.
Roll WHPO-0036 Photographer: Atkins, Oliver | Color or B&W: B&W
- Frame(s): WHPO-0036-00-04, An unidentified woman and man admire the ice sculpture at the White House election celebration buffet for his campaign staff. 1/21/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, East Room. President Nixon, Unidentified campaign staff members and guests.
- Frame(s): WHPO-0036-05-11, President Nixon is surrounded by well wishers, during a White House election celebration buffet, for his campaign staff. 1/21/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, East Room. President Nixon, Unidentified campaign staff members and guests.
Roll WHPO-0037 Photographer: Knudsen, Robert L. | Color or B&W: B&W
- Frame(s): WHPO-0037-02A-04A, President Nixon is surrounded by well wishers, during a White House election celebration buffet, for his campaign staff. 1/21/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, East Room. President Nixon, Unidentified campaign staff members and guests.
- Frame(s): WHPO-0037-05A-09A, Pat Nixon and President Nixon wave to campaign staff during a White House election celebration buffet. 1/21/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, East Room. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, Unidentified campaign staff members and guests.
- Frame(s): WHPO-0037-10A, Pat Nixon ascending a staircase. 1/21/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, East Room. Pat Nixon.
Roll WHPO-0038 Photographer: Knudsen, Robert L. | Color or B&W: B&W
- Frame(s): WHPO-0038-01, Unidentified man sitting in an office flipping through pages of a three ring binder notebook, simliar to the the White House Photo Office notebooks for contact sheets. 1/21/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, possibly Photo Office. Unidentified man.
- Frame(s): WHPO-0038-02-27, President Nixon and Pat Nixon attending the campaign staff White House election celebration buffet. 1/21/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, East Room. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, Spiro Agnew, Judy Agnew, Julie Nixon Eisenhower, David Eisenhower, guests.
Roll WHPO-0039 Photographer: Knudsen, Robert L. | Color or B&W: B&W
- Frame(s): WHPO-0039-03-6, President Nixon, Pat Nixon and David Eisenhower descend the East Room stairway to attend the campaign staff White House election celebration buffet. 1/21/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, East Room. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, Spiro Agnew, Judy Agnew, Julie Nixon Eisenhower, David Eisenhower, guests.
- Frame(s): WHPO-0039-07-09, President Nixon and Pat Nixon and Vice President Agnew wit to mingle with guests while attending the campaign staff White House election celebration buffet. 1/21/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, East Room. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, Spiro Agnew, unidentifed guests.
- Frame(s): WHPO-0039-10-27, President Nixon and Pat Nixon mingling with guests while attending the campaign staff White House election celebration buffet. 1/21/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, East Room. President Nixon, Pat Nixon, unidentifed guests.
- Frame(s): WHPO-0039-28-37, Pat Nixon sitting with small children while attending the campaign staff White House election celebration buffet. 1/21/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, East Room. Pat Nixon, unidentified small children.
Roll WHPO-0040 Photographer: Kightlinger, Jack | Color or B&W: B&W
- Frame(s): WHPO-0040-02A-17A, President Nixon at his desk on his first day in office. 1/21/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, Oval Office. President Nixon.
Roll WHPO-0041 Photographer: Kightlinger, Jack | Color or B&W: B&W
- Frame(s): WHPO-0041-04-14, President Nixon at his desk on his first day in office. 1/21/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, Oval Office. President Nixon.
Roll WHPO-0042 Photographer: Atkins, Oliver | Color or B&W: B&W
- Frame(s): WHPO-0042-00A-06A, East Room reception after the swearing-in of White House Staff members. 1/21/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, East Room. Unidentified staff.
- Frame(s): WHPO-0042-07A, Members of the National Security Council (NSC) arriving for the first meeting. 1/21/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, Cabinet Room. L-R: Earle G. Wheeler, Richard Helms, Henry Kissinger, William Rogers, Spiro Agnew, Melvin Laird, David Kennedy.
- Frame(s): WHPO-0042-07A-35A, President Nixon leads the first meeting of the National Security Council, NSC. 1/21/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, Cabinet Room. Clockwise from the President: President Nixon, Melvin Laird, Gen. Earle Wheeler, Henry Kissinger, Andrew J. Goodpaster, David Kennedy, Spiro Agnew, George A. Lincoln, Richard Helms, Elliott Richardson, William Rogers.
- Frame(s): WHPO-0042-20A, National Security Council (NSC) meeting with President Nixon and other attendees. 1/21/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, Cabinet Room. Clockwise from the President: President Nixon, Melvin Laird, Gen. Earle Wheeler, Henry Kissinger, Andrew J. Goodpaster, David Kennedy, Spiro Agnew, George A. Lincoln, Richard Helms, Elliott Richardson, William Rogers.
Roll WHPO-0043 Photographer: Knudsen, Robert L. | Color or B&W: B&W
- Frame(s): WHPO-0043-02A-25A, White House staff swearing-in ceremony by Chief Justice Earl Warren. 1/21/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, East Room. President Nixon, Earl Warren, H.R. Haldeman, John Erhlichman, many unidentified White House Staff officials.
- Frame(s): WHPO-0043-15, White House staff swearing-in ceremony by Chief Justice Earl Warren. 1/21/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, East Room. President Nixon, Earl Warren, H.R. Haldeman, John Erhlichman, many unidentified White House Staff officials.
Roll WHPO-0044 Photographer: Knudsen, Robert L. | Color or B&W: B&W
- Frame(s): WHPO-0044-02-13, President Nixon speaking at the podium, standing near Chief Justice Earl Warren, after the White House staff swearing-in ceremony. 1/21/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, East Room. President Nixon, Earl Warren, H.R. Haldeman. , V. Knauer, Anne Armstrong, and others.
- Frame(s): WHPO-0044-14-15, President Nixon shaking hands with Chief Justice Earl Warren, after the White House staff swearing-in ceremony. 1/21/1969, Washington, D.C. White House, East Room. President Nixon, Earl Warren.
Roll WHPO-0059 Photographer: Halstead (UPI) | Color or B&W: B&W
- Frame(s): WHPO-0059-04-10, Ron Zielger conducts a Press Briefing, speaking with reporters writing notes. Faye Gillis Wells in front row center. UPI photo. 1/21/1969, Washington, D.C. Executive Office Building. Ron Ziegler, unidentified members of the White House press corps. Faye Gillis Wells.
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The White House Communications Agency Sound Recordings Collection contains public statements that took place between 1969 and 1974. Visit the finding aid to learn more.
P - Formal Presidential Remarks
- WHCA-SR-P-690106
Remarks by President Nixon at Inaugural Ball at Mayflower Hotel. (1/21/1969, Mayflower Hotel, Washington, D.C.)
Runtime: 0:31:50
Production credits: Audio feed supplied by WHCA
Original Format: 1/4-inch reel-to-reel audiotape. Original source type: Original.
- WHCA-SR-P-690107
Remarks by President Nixon at an Inaugural Ball at Statler Hilton. (1/21/1969)
Runtime: 0:33:01
Production credits: Audio feed supplied by "Hotel"
Original Format: 1/4-inch reel-to-reel audiotape. Original source type: Original.
- WHCA-SR-P-690108
Remarks by President Nixon at reception for friends and campaign workers. (1/21/1969, White House East Room)
Runtime: 0:19:25
Production credits: Audio feed supplied by WHCA
Original Format: 1/4-inch reel-to-reel audiotape. Original source type: Original.
- WHCA-SR-P-690109
Remarks by President Nixon at the swearing-in ceremony for the White House staff. (1/21/1969, White House East Room)
Runtime: 0:13:52
Production credits: Audio feed supplied by WHCA; Recorded by CBS
Original Format: 1/4-inch reel-to-reel audiotape. Original source type: Original.
- WHCA-SR-P-690106
Context (External Sources)
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The Vanderbilt Television News Archive is the world's most extensive and complete archive of television news. They have been recording, preserving and providing access to television news broadcasts of the national networks since August 5, 1968.
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Wikipedia is a free encyclopedia that anyone can edit.